Barack Obama Speech in Cairo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Barack Obama Speech in Cairo - Essay Example In a lady discourse conveyed in Cairo University on 6 April 2009, he tended to savage radicalism, Israel and Palestine war, atomic weapons, majority rule government, ladies' privileges and monetary development. He attested that the West and Islam should begin defying these issues. This paper will just concentrate on the issue of vicious radicalism in America. It will clarify why the issue is significant to me and examine the attestations Obama made about the issue and the proof he provides for help those affirmations. I accept that the issue of fierce radicalism is extremely noteworthy in this unique circumstance. America is apparently the most vote based nation on the planet subject to its race and religion decent variety. Before this discourse, pressure between the United States and Muslims around the globe had been ascending for quite a long time. Islam and the West had connections damaged by collaboration just as clashes. While the West encouraged modernization and globalizatio n, the Muslim countries see the West goes about as belittling to the Islam conventions. Thus, Muslims execute savagery against the Americans murdering Muslims, Christians, and blameless individuals however America. Also, America in its entitlement to opportunity of love includes the two Muslims and Christians. Actually, Obama himself admits the Muslim confidence however his mom was a Christian and his dad a Muslim. Surely, this is by all accounts a war among America and the Muslim. Obama being the leader of America, having admitted Muslim, and Egypt being a Muslim country he is in a negating position to address this issue. Thus, this issue is overbearing over the others. Obama states that America has never been, isn't, and will never be at war with Islam. He affirms that simply like some other country and confidence, America just rejects the murdering of blameless men, ladies, and kids. He contends that even Muslims can't support such killings as the Quran prohibits them. He likewis e perceives the expressions of the second President of the United States, John Adams who declared that, America has no character of hostility against the laws, religion, or quietness of Muslims (USA Today Web). In any case, he sees that it is his and other willing partner’s obligation to stand up to vicious radicals for American and world security. He additionally declares that American has exhibited its objectives and mission for solidarity in battling the brutal fanatics in Afghanistan. To this affirmation, he reminds the crowd that the United States had universal help in seeking after al Qaeda and the Taliban. Truth be told, an alliance of 46 nations was in the interest (USA Today Web). Moreover, he affirms that America was advocated to wander in that interest. He portrays that Al Qaeda murdered about 3,000 honest individuals from all countries on the September 11 assault with a promise to keep propelling more killings. Surely, these assaults have made a few Americans to s ee Islam as an unavoidably antagonistic lifestyle to all. In that capacity, he contends that it was quite reasonable for America, with the help of the universal network, to seek after them with a point of carrying equity to the people in question and forestall more assaults. He anyway affirms that America won't save its soldiers in Afghanistan for quite a while. He presents that the interest has been expensive, caused numerous losses, and is politically hard to oversee.

Rishi free essay sample

Collaboration has consistently come effectively to me on the grounds that the individuals around me commonly choose to delegate me the pioneer. In any case, my life changed the late spring of my sophomore year, and this veneer got slanted as I got to know this present reality of cooperation in the midst of another alpha male mind boggling as solid and requesting as my own. The mid year of my sophomore year, I went to a mechanical autonomy camp that the University of Texas at Arlington facilitated as a result of my enthusiasm for building. The camp tested us by giving us the errand of building and coding a robot that could effectively move freely, get payload, and move it to a sheltered territory. I despite everything recall the cool, clumsy gazes as I went into the room on the principal day. Other than the unofficial IDs that we had to wear, I felt stripped. Helpless. The ungainly pressure settled over the room after the initial forty-five minutes or thereabouts, yet there could never be any relief for those initial couple of seconds of â€Å"Hi, I’m. We will compose a custom exposition test on Rishi or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page .† and â€Å"Where are you from?† Because of our aggregate clumsy nearness, the instructors combined us up indiscriminately trying to constrain kinships. They cooperated me with Rishi Jariwala, an apparently typical and innocuous kid about my age. He remained at around five foot eight, profound set eyes, and certain stance. His knowledge and his certainty transmitted off of him in an unavoidable manner, and on account of these particular highlights, Rishi accepted administration. We at first worked very well together in spite of our key contrasts. For instance, Rishi rehearsed Hinduism, while I had no strict connection. Rishi favored granting his predominance and pomposity rather than my deferential aloofness, and this wound up causing a plenty of issues not far off. The measure of Rishi and I started to chip away at building and coding the robot, yet we chose to first divvy up the work so as to amplify work productivity. Building has never been one of my solid suits, while it had consistently fallen into place without a hitch for Rishi, And on the other side, coding has never come effectively to Rishi, while it has consistently been an extremely normal thing for me. Rishi and I concluded that limits accompany this division of work, and we consented to permit the other to do their job.However, Rishi started to gradually violate these limits, and he in the long run endeavored to hold the whole undertaking all alone. Rishi’s endeavor at a one-man insurrection set a great deal of issues that he had with me on the table. He reprimanded me for the vast majority of our group’s inadequacies, and I possessed fractional obligation. A few issues originated from my inability to do certain things, yet I generally put forth a valiant effort to address these. My issue lie not in the way that I was unable to do certain things certain ways but instead in the redemption of the message. Strategy fell into the class of things that Rishi couldn't have cared less about. The change from stealthy killjoy to horrifying lack of regard stunned me due to the quick heightening of Rishi’s intensity. He went from dropping unpretentious traces of abhorrence to transparently accusing my â€Å"white, rural childhood† for my â€Å"stupendous idiocy.† This unjustifiable scorn disturbed and baffled me, and it made endeavoring to deal with the circumstance exceptionally troublesome. The veins in my mind needed to detonate. The arrival of my pressure was outlandish on the grounds that Rishi would not see my side of things, however I went after for my own mental soundness. In the event that solitary difficult would get the job done. The task fizzled. This experience made me fully aware of the confounding idea of the world, I despite everything contemplate what I did to make Rishi so annoyed with me. In spite of the fact that the camp had an underlying negative impact on me, it wound up changing the scene of how I think and feel to improve things. I currently have the right stuff important to deal with individuals who have an inclination of aversion towards me, and this ability causes me in my regular day to day existence. I presently value those whom I do concur with, and I likewise now have a newly discovered tolerance for those whom I don't concur with in view of my shelling that originated from Rishi’s unforgiving power.

Research and Writing Services - Why You Need Them

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Abortion, An Act Of Killing - 1815 Words

Abortion has been a topic of ethics for as long as time can remember. Abortion is a difficult and controversial moral issue that most have dealt with or heard about. Most would argue that no one has the right to demand large sacrifices from another simply to sustain their own lives, while others see abortion as an act of killing, which is clearly wrong. Both sides have important moral insights, even if ultimately these insights are outweighed by the insights of the other side. Each and every person has their own viewpoint that is biased simply because of their religion or how they were raised. Opinions are passed on generation to generation and each generation with a more developed educated view attempts to change these views. The goal of this ethical argument is not to convince to accept one position or the other, but to help to understand both sides. Without knowledge of both sides, the argument continues. Beware of the labels â€Å"Pro-life† and â€Å"Pro-choice.† They imply that the other side is against â€Å"life† or against â€Å"choice.† They ignore the nuances in a person’s position. There are two principal moral considerations. People consider the moral status of the fetus and on the other hand the rights of the pregnant woman. There are distinctions to whether it is immorally wrong or if it should be illegal. These are distinct issues. Not everything that is immoral is necessarily illegal. We may, for example, want to say that being unfaithful in one’s marriage is immoral, but weShow MoreRelatedAbortion : An Illegal Act Of Killing A Fetus943 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is one of many key issues that women are faced with in today’s world, to not have a child or conceiving a child through conception. What is abortion these days? To many, abortion is considered an illega l act of killing a fetus, while others believe abortion to be legal by law and punishable for it. It is unclear if the law will make its ruling to put a ban on abortion but it has come with its shared controversy. The first reason why abortion should be legal is the involvement due to churchesRead MoreWhy Killing An Ordinary Adult Is Morally Wrong1485 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategy should be adopted to develop the argument o abortion. In this case, the author starts by illustrating why killing an ordinary adult is morally wrong, and tries to apply same reasons to the case of abortion. Therefore, if similar reasons can be applied to the context of abortion, then decision of it being immoral will be made. The wrong aspect in killing relates to depriving the victim life which is inherently valuable. In this case, killing deprives of the victim the very valuable things thatRead MoreSusan Sherwin s View On Abortion932 Words   |  4 PagesSusan Sherwin’s view on abortion is primarily focused through the lens of feminist philosophy. Her article focuses primarily on how the feminist view provides more holistic, and less cold view on the topic of abortion that is more inclusive of the mothe r. The feminist view of abortion is primarily focused on looking at the factors that affect the mother through the process of the abortion, such as a woman’s feelings around the fetus, is conception, her partner, and her obligations. These are allRead MoreAbortion is Murder and Immoral Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is Murder and Immoral In Americas Society Abortion is a topic that most people rather not face. More and more abortions occur everyday, causing potential lives to be terminated due to irresponsible sexual activity among adults and teens. Abortions cheats the unborn child of his or hers existence and unknown experiences to come. Abortions are quick escape goats for irresponsible individuals and cause pain, suffering, and death. I t is against the law and immoral to kill another humanRead MoreAbortion : An Act Of Population Reduction920 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion: Legalized Murder A resounding tune states that people make the world go around. It is understandable that old age, illnesses, accidents, wars, and many other disasters bring on reductions within the population. Yet, abortion as an act of population reduction is often a topic that many people would rather not discuss. Abortions account for 1.3 million deaths among unborn children yearly (â€Å"Abortion: Late-Term/Partial Birth 2). The purpose of this research is to argue that, with the exceptionRead MoreAbortion is a Murder Essay721 Words   |  3 Pagesthat has been greatly debated in our society is abortion. Many people argue that because the baby in the mother’s womb is not alive, aborting him or her is not considered a murder. However, others say that as the baby’s heart and brain are the first things to develop, the baby is technically alive and killing it would be a murder. As soon as the baby has a heartbeat, it has life. Abortion has many characteristics of a murder, inclu ding the killing of one human being by another, it’s unethical, andRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Anti Abortion1624 Words   |  7 Pagesa very large controversy between the ideas about abortion and anti-abortion. Different religious views, beliefs, peoples many different customs and even people of different cultures all have their own preferences and ideas on the take of this political issue. Views against abortion can lead to as much of an impact as a violent/non violent riots outside of an abortion clinics, to something as simple article in the newspaper. The belief on abortion that leads to a lot of the controversy is that inRead MoreAbortion Is A Murder Of Unknowing Helpless Pre Born Children849 Words   |  4 Pagesand wants an abortion. I told her that there is no way she is getting an abortion because there are other better alternatives. She wanted an abortion because she wanted to go to college and become a nurse and with that baby, she would be able to focus on college. Abortion is a misconduct that goes unspoken, in fact abortion is a slaughter of unknowing helpless pre-born children. Abortion is merely immoral. Everyone has been taught right from wrong; manslaughter is wrong and so is abortion, because abortionRead MoreAbortion Should Be Legal?1512 Words   |  7 Pagesto dictionary.com, abortion is defined as â€Å"the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy†¦any of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy.† The famous well-known Supreme Court case that addresses the issue of abortion is Roe v. Wade. The Supreme Court concluded that women have the right to obtain an abortion until the fetus is viable, or usually when a woman reaches her trimester of pregnancy. Prior to the Supreme Court case, abortion was illegal in manyRead MoreJackson Kruger. Mrs. Hooks. English 11. 29 January 2017.1479 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 11 29 January 2017 The Right to Live Abortion is one of the most controversial issues among American Citizens. Many Americans believe that life begins when a child is conceived while others insist that a child is not alive until a few months into the pregnancy. Although supporters for abortion agree that life begins during a few months into the pregnancy, they support abortion until around twenty-two weeks. This contradiction of beliefs among abortion supporters sparks anger with those who are

Useful Phrases for Structured Structured Monologue Free Essays

Useful Phrases for Structured Structured Monologue M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Structuring When delivering a structured monologue, one of the ways to begin your presentation is to outline its structure, using one of the following phrases: I’ve divided my presentation/speech into three (main) parts. In my presentation/speech I’ll focus on three major issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Useful Phrases for Structured Structured Monologue or any similar topic only for you Order Now M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Effective Openings In order to grab the attention of the audience you may employ one of the following devices: Rhetorical questions; Interesting facts; Stories and scenarios; Problems to think about; Quotations. M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Rhetorical questions Is market research important for product development? Do we really need time management seminars? Interesting facts According to an article I read recently, †¦ Did you know that †¦ ? I’d like to share an amazing fact / figure with you. M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Stories and Scenarios Let me tell you what happened to me †¦ Suppose †¦ Imagine †¦ Problem Problem to think about Suppose you wanted to †¦ . How would you go about it? Imagine you had to †¦ . What would be your first step? M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Quoting a well-known person As †¦ once said, †¦ To quote a well-known writer, †¦ To To put it in the words of †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Introducing a Point When delivering the presentation on the particular subject it is relevant to introduce the key points. You may use one of the following phrases: First First of all I’d like to point out †¦ The main problem is †¦ The question of †¦ Speaking of †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Enumeration of points If you are asked to provide several reasons, factors or arguments in a row, you have to organize them in the logical way. In order to structure your answer properly enumerate the main points using one of the suggested phrases: first first of all, I’d like to say †¦ in addition to that †¦ moreover, †¦ furthermore, †¦ another example of this is †¦ first, second, third †¦ Finally, †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Moving to the next point This leads directly to my next point. This brings us to the next question. Let’s now move on / turn to †¦ After examining this point, let’s turn to †¦ Let’s now take a look at †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Going back As I said / mentioned earlier, †¦ Let me come back to what I said before †¦ Let’s go back to what we were discussing earlier. As I’ve already explained, †¦ As I pointed out in the first section, †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Stating something as a fact Do not be afraid to state some information as a well-known act, if it is justified by the subject of discussion. However, you should be very careful when applying one of the following phrases: As As everyone knows †¦ It is generally accepted that †¦ There can be no doubt that †¦ It is a fact that †¦ Nobody will deny that â⠂¬ ¦ Everyone knows that †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Giving Your Opinion There exist a variety of ways how to express your opinion when speaking English. The choice of an expression to be used in the particular situation depends on how strong your opinion is, i. e. how sure you are about a articular thing. M. Platonova „Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Giving Your Opinion Neutrally I think†¦ I feel that†¦ In my opinion†¦ As As far as I’m concerned†¦ As I see it†¦ In my view I tend to think that†¦ From my point of view†¦ M. Platonova „Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Giving a Strong Opinion I’m absolutely convinced that†¦ I’m sure that†¦ I strongly believe that†¦ I have no doubt that†¦ There is no doubt that †¦ I am absolutely certain that †¦ M. Platonova „Mate rials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Expressing Uncertainty I definitely doubt if that †¦ I am not sure that †¦ I am not certain that †¦ As far as I know †¦ It is very doubtful whether †¦ M. Platonova „Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Giving reasons These standard phrases are useful in a variety of situations, when you are asked to explain something providing additional information or giving the reasons. The reason for this is (that) †¦ I base my argument on †¦ I tell you all this because †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Rephrasing Expressions Sometimes we say things that other people don’t understand, or we give the wrong impression. If you are asked to explain or clarify your idea, do not use the same expressions and/or phrases, try to reformulate it starting your answer using one of the following phrases: M. Platonova „Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† What I meant to say was†¦ Let me rephrase that†¦ Let me put this another way†¦ Perhaps Perhaps I’m not making myself clear†¦ The basic idea is†¦ One way of looking at it is†¦ Another way of looking at it is†¦ What I want to say is†¦ M. Platonova „Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† Indicating the end of your talk I’m now approaching / nearing the end of my resentation. Well, this brings me to the end of my presentation. That covers just about everything I wanted to say about †¦ As a final point, I’d like to †¦ Finally, I’d like to highlight one key issue. M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centra lised Exam† Drawing conclusions and sum-ming up The obvious conclusion is †¦ Last but not least †¦ The only alternative (left) is †¦ The The only possible solution/conclusion is †¦ In conclusion we can say that †¦ To cut a long story short, †¦ Just to give you the main points again, †¦ M. Platonova â€Å"Materials for the Speaking Part of the Centralised Exam† How to cite Useful Phrases for Structured Structured Monologue, Essay examples

William Shakespeare, you stand accused of being a crow, an ape and a thief Essay Example For Students

William Shakespeare, you stand accused of being a crow, an ape and a thief Essay Can anything new be said about plagiarism? Perhaps the best we can do is to remind ourselves of the stories that we choose to forget in our modern worship of originality. There was a time when new books were made out of old ones and an authors originality was of limited significance. Witness the story of  Shakespeare. It is usual to think of literary invention as taking place in the middle reaches of two extremes. At one end, total originality: the impossible work written in new language addressing a subject never before addressed; at the other end, total derivativeness, the scandalous work, a mere transcription of an already existing literary work. Close to the one end, typically, we locate writers of genius, and we might put  William  Shakespeare  closest to that extreme. At the other, ignominious, end, we place the cheats, the tricksters: thieves of the labour of others. We will write a custom essay on William Shakespeare, you stand accused of being a crow, an ape and a thief specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But what if  Shakespeare  himself were a plagiarist? Can awriter be, so to speak, at both ends of the spectrum at the same time? Both a creator and a thief? If so, at the very least we need to rethink our understanding of literary merit. The greatestjust might not equal the most original. We know very little about  Shakespeares life; or to be more precise, we know very little thats remotely interesting. But we do know that  Shakespeare  so upset a fellow playwright, Robert Greene, that Greene wrote an intemperate attack upon him in his pamphlet A Groatsworth of Wit. Abusing him as an upstart crow, Greene complained that, while  Shakespeare  beautified with our feathers, he was arrogant enough to suppose that he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of . Indeed, Greene punned,  Shakespeare  believed himself to be the only Shake-scene ina country. The pamphlet immediately prompted a scandal. Thomas Nashe, rumoured to be the real author, published a denial. Even the publisher expressly dissociated himself from the pamphlet, holding another dramatist, Henry Chettle, responsible for any adverse consequences. Chettle publicly apologised to  Shakespeare, acknowledging his contemporarys uprightness of dealing, which argues his honesty, andhis facetious grace inwriting, that approves his art. The controversy limped on: two years later a small volume of poetry was published by (so it is believed) Richard Barnfield, praising Greene and commenting that the men that so eclipsed his fame/Purloined his plumes: can they deny the same? Greenes description of  Shakespeare  as an upstart crow is a complex insult, offensive to  Shakespeare  both as actor and playwright. In classical literature the crow was a bird that could be trained to repeat phrases but was (not unnaturally for a bird) incapable of original speech. Greene was thus in part accusing  Shakespeare  ofbeinga mere parrot, declaiming others lines as an actor. But theres more to the insult thanjust this. Acrow is an ugly, common bird, and it can only be made beautiful if it disguises itselfwith the plumage of more gorgeous creatures than itself.  Shakespeare  pretends to be something that he is not, and does so by stealing the feathers of others. This is where the charge of plagiarism comes in.  Shakespeare  was not capable of writing plays of any quality: he had to pass off the work of others as his own to gain a reputation. Was Greene even remotely right? The scandal did nothing (or practically nothing) to hurt  Shakespeares emerging reputation. But in the 18th century it was believed, in reliance on Greenes pamphlet, that  Shakespeare  began his career by revising the plays of others. This is not now the approved view. But let us suppose that  Shakespeare  and Greene were to fight a contemporary libel case over the pamphlets allegations.  Shakespeare  would open his case by announcing that he was the author of 38 plays. Greene would immediately go on the offensive. First he would challenge the number. We do not know precisely how many plays  Shakespearewrote. There are several troubling titles on the disputed margins. Should we include The Two Noble Kinsmen? What of Henry VIII? Or King Edward III, which the New Cambridge  Shakespeare  has just admitted to the canon? .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 , .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 .postImageUrl , .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 , .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2:hover , .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2:visited , .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2:active { border:0!important; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2:active , .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2 .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud7cef465c596b20141f0df86e4a00be2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Is Shylock Presented as a Victim or a Villain by Shakespeare EssaySecond Greene would argue that the plays were all, to a greater or lesser degree, collaborations. Actors would have added lines, stage directions and so on, according to the practice of the times. Greene would even suggest that other playwrights might have contributed lines, speeches, whole scenes. Third, and here Greene would warm to his theme, it cannotbe disputed that the plots of many of  Shakespeares plays are lifted from earlierworks. Greene was not the only person to make such a complaint of  Shakespeare. Their contemporary, Ben Jonson, lamented in an Ode to Himself, written after the failure of one of his own plays, that contemporary audiences preferred some mouldy tale/Like Pericles to his ownwork. (Pericles is mouldy because it is based on a Greek romance which enjoyed considerable popularity during the renaissance and middle ages.) More importantly, in the year of  Shakespeares death, Jonson published an epigram in which he attacked a Poet-Ape who plagiarised the work of others, mak each mans wit his own. The man is a thief Jonson among the robbd. Many have taken the Poet-Ape to be  Shakespeare. In this imaginary trial Greene would then quote great chunks of verse from the plays, pointing to their origin in the works available to  Shakespeare: histories, translations and so on. He might rely on the detective work of Malone, an early editor of  Shakespeare, who concluded, . after an exhaustive study of the sources of Henry VI, Parts 1, 11 and III, that out of a little more than 6,000 lines, 1,800 were written by someone else, nearly 2,400 lines were adapted by  Shakespeare  from theworkofothers, and a mere 1,899 lines were exclusively his own work.  Shakespeares modern biographer Sidney Lee believes that the explanation of Greenes bitterness toward  Shakespeare  was that he himself had produced the original draft of all three parts of Henry VI. By this time, one imagines the sympathies of thejury beginning to change. A trial that would begin as a scandalous affront to our greatest playwright could become a scandal of a quite different kind. And, as certainties disappear, it seems impossible even to answer that mostbasic of questions: how many plays did  Shakespeare  write? Ones first reaction to this perplexity might be: we need more evidence! But in truth, evidence is irrelevant. Its much more an issue of interpretation do we count this or that derivative work as  Shakespeares?This is all very arbitrary: how many lines, what fraction of the play as a whole, must be original to the playwright in order that the play should qualify as his own? One could not guarantee  Shakespeares success in such a trial. If  Shakespeares appropriations were adaptations, then itmightbe easier. But many are not: hejust took whole passages and transcribed them. Does this make him a lesser playwright? Only, I suggest, if we could imagine someone else doing everything that he didbutwithout taking those lines and plots from others. If we cannot imagine such an author, then we are on the brink of suggesting that the thefts were necessary to the creation. Mostwriters both steal and create; some of the more interesting ones create by stealing. It thus might be said that while a plagiarist is a writer with a bad name, a writer with a good name is merely an undetected plagiarist. In todays literary regime, hes lucky. In earlier regimes, hed be considered unlettered or mad. Its at this stage of the argument an argument which is so counter-intuitive, which so flatly runs against received literary wisdom that protest seems inevitable. Plagiarism surely can no more be excused than any other unpermitted appropriation. To hold otherwise is to sanction two wrongs: the depriving of one author of the benefit of his work, and the conferring on another of an undeserved reputation. The first is unjustly impoverished, the second unjustly enriched. Indeed, if authors had no property rights in their work (or were unable to enforce those rights) theywould not be able to secure royalties and the amount of writing would drop, perhaps to zero, as they turned away from writing toward other, more profitable pursuits. The law of copyright, whichprotects authors fromplagiarists, thus ensures the continuity of literature itself. Or so it could be argued. But such an argument would not survive an encounter with the massive counter-example of  Shakespeare, whose work sugges ts that any copyright law, however narrow, inhibits literary creativity. Itwasjust this argument that the l9thcentury American sage Ralph Waldo Emerson confronted in his essay on  Shakespeare. Great men, he wrote, are more distinguished by range and extent than by originality. No great man is original. The greatest genius is the most indebted man. Genius, indeed, consists in not being original at all, but rather in beingwhollyreceptive.  Shakespeare  owed debts in all directions. He knew that tradition supplies a better fable than any invention. In his times, our own petulant demand for originality was not so much pressed. The great poet comes to value his memory equally with his invention. He doesnt much mind where his thoughts come from: whatever the source, they are equally welcome. It had come to be, Emerson rather scandalously proposes, practically a rule in literature that a man having once shown himself capable of original writing is thenceforth entitled to steal from t he writings of others at his discretion. And then, pursuing his paradox to its terminal point, Emerson declares:  Shakespeare  is unique. .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 , .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 .postImageUrl , .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 , .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84:hover , .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84:visited , .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84:active { border:0!important; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84:active , .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84 .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5b8587aa7feab1771bcdedb57b69ad84:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Shakespeare achieves the comic effects in Act 3, Scene 4, where Malvolio appears "cross-gartered" and in yellow stockings EssayThe American critic Harold Bloom insists that plagiarism is a legal and not a literary distinction. T S Eliot aman who plagiarised Emerson when making his own defence of plagiarism declared that immature poets imitate; mature poets steal. One might think that this benevolent view of plagiarism would be received wisdom by now. Yet the discovery of plagiarism is still always regarded as a scandal. There is the shock at the writers deception, the violation of the trust between writer and reader. There is the embarrassment caused to those readers (often literary prize panellists) who missed the theft: held up as literary arbiters, they are disclosed to be literary incompetents. And there is the sharp, downward revaluation of the writer himself. We thought he had merit, but it turns out that merit was someone elses. Though one cannot overlook in all of this a certain iconoclastic glee on the part of the general public, the true beneficiary of the scandal is the critic-sleuth who rumbles the plagiarism. He emerges as intrepid hero, aprosecutorupholding the sanctity of literary law. Each scandal is thus a kind of open, unregulated trial. The evidence emerges in a chaotic way, and motive and reason get mixed up. Nor do all scandals end with verdicts. When the plagiarism is just copying just theft then the scandal is a limited one. A writes a poem; B copies it down and then claims it as his own; B is discredited. Its a scandal of reputation. But sometimes the institution of literature itself is implicated in the scandal. The scandal lies in the paradoxical truth that novels and plays can be both original and derivative: original because derivative, even. If we reject plagiarism, do we also reject literature itself? It would be odd if we had to conclude that the one aspect of the institution of literature which most undermines it is yet also fundamental to its existence. Can plagiarism be both its poison and its nourishment? Perhaps the truth is that writing alarms as it pleases, biting the hands that applaud it.